TI: Decrease of the effective population size
during maintenance of the guppy strain
AU: Fujio,-Yoshihisa; Nakajima,-Masamichi; Barinova,-A.A.
AF: Grad. Sch. Agric., Tohoku Univ. Sendai 981-8555
Japan
SO: Fish-Sci 1999 vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 362-366
IS: ISSN 0919-9268
PY: 1999
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The change of gene frequencies at the AAT-1*
and PGM-1* loci was examined in the two guppy
strains, S and S3, which had been maintained
as a closed colony for a period of 16 years.
These strains had been separated from an original
strain in 1981. In the S strain, the *a allele
frequency at AAT-1* locus changed from 0.282
in 1981 to 0.602 in 1997, and the *a allele
at the PGM-1* locus changed from 0.772 to 0.430.
On the other hand, in the S3 strain, the *a
allele frequency at the AAT-1* locus changed
to 0.395 in 1997, and the *a allele at the PGM-1*
locus changed to 0.528. The effective population
size (Ne) during the maintenance period of the
guppy strain was estimated based on the magnitude
of the random drift in the gene frequency. The
estimated Ne was initially 623 in the S strain
and 413 in the S3 strain. The decrease of Ne
over a period of 16 years was demonstrated to
be 18 in the S strain and 24 in the S3 strain,
and these phenomenon may be led by the sampling
of mature fish.
TI: Detection of a low temperature-resistant
gene in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata ), with
reference to sex-linked inheritance.
AU: Fujio,-Y.; Nakajima,-M.; Nagahama,-Y.
AF: Dep. Fish. Sci., Fac. Agric., Tohoku Univ.,
Sendai 981, Japan
SO: JAP.-J.-GENET. 1990. vol. 65, no. 4, pp.
201-207
PY: 1990
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
AB: Response to low temperature was measured
in different strains in the guppy, Poecilia
reticulata . The responses of each strain were
measured as survival rates, which were calculated
from the survived fish after 24 h at 12 degree
C for fishes acclimated at 23 degree C. The
values for response measurements demonstrate
the survival rates that were very different
among strains, and among females and males with
each strain. The progeny tests for resistant
(R) and susceptible (r) to the low temperature
treatment in intra-crosses indicated a mode
of sex-linked inheritance.
TI: Selection response on thermal resistance
of the guppy Poecilia reticulata
AU: Fujio,-Yoshihisa; Nakajima,-Masamichi; Nomura,-Go
AF: Fac. Agric., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Miyagi
981, Japan
SO: FISH.-SCI. 1995 vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 731-734
IS: ISSN 0919-9268
PY: 1995
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
AB: To elucidate the genetic control for thermal
resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata,
its response to high temperature was measured
as the death time, at which the immature fish
acclimated at 23 degree C died when exposed
to 37 degree C. Using sub-population comparison,
the heritability of thermal resistance was estimated
at 0.183. The two-way selection for thermal
resistance led to a significant difference of
the death time of immature fish between the
high temperature resistant population and the
sensitive one. The resistant population showed
a higher heterozygotic frequency at AAT-1 and
PGM-1 locus than the sensitive population. This
suggests a heterotic effect for thermal resistance
and inbreeding depression for thermal sensitivity.
Cross experiments confirmed heterosis for thermal
resistance, supporting the above suggestion.
TI: (A new dominant autosomal mutation in both
sexes of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters,
1859)).
OT: A mindket ivaru guppin (Poecilia reticulata
Peters, 1859) mutatkozo uj autosomalis dominans
mutacio
AU: Horn-P
AF: Mezogazdasagi Foiskola, Kaposvar, Hungary
SO: Allatani-Kozl 1974 vol. 59, no. 1-4, pp.
53-59
NT: Records keyed from 1975 ASFA printed journals.
PY: 1974
LA: Hungarian
LS: German
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: A new mutation in both sexes of the guppy
is described, in which some dorsal and anal
fin rays are much longer than normal. Viability
and reproductive capacity are unchanged. Autosomal,
monofactorial dominance, influenced by modifier
genes, is indicated, but expression of the mutated
gene is not influenced by a suppressor gene
with or without dominant alleles. Fa is proposed
as the gene symbol.
TI: Absence of repetitive DNA sequences associated
with sex chromosomes in natural populations
of the Trinidad guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
AU: Hornaday,-K.; Alexander,-S.; Breden,-F.*
AF: Dep. Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby,
BC V5A 1S6, Canada
SO: J.-MOL.-EVOL. 1994 vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 431-433
IS: ISSN 0022-2844
PY: 1994
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The genus Poecilia reticulata has been widely
studied as a model for the evolution of sex
chromosomes. In the course of molecular studies
on population genetic structure and sexual selection
in the Trinidad guppy, we examined our preparations
for male-linked, repetitive DNA polymorphisms.
We have not obtained any evidence of male-specific
polymorphisms, in contrast to an earlier study.
Out results have significant implications for
theories on the evolution of sex chromosomes.
TI: Genetic variation for thermal resistance
of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata
AU: Kanda,-N.; Nakajima,-M.; Fujio,-Y.
AF: Dep. Fish. Sci., Fac. Agric., Tohoku Univ.,
Sendai, Japan
SO: TOHOKU-J.-AGRIC.-RES. 1992 vol. 42, no.
3-4, pp. 67-72
IS: ISSN 0040-8719
PY: 1992
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Responses to high temperature were measured
in 10 sub-populations, each of which was prepared
from a gravid female mated with one male of
the S3 strain of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.
The responses were measured as the death time,
the time at which the fish exposed to 37 degree
C died, for those acclimated at 23 degree C.
The response measurement demonstrated that the
death time of immature fish was later than that
of mature females and males within each sub-population.
The regression lines of the death time on body
length in the mature females and males intersected
at the average death time of the immature fish
in every sub-population. These indicated that
the genetic difference of thermal resistance
can be clearly shown by only using immature
fish. Distribution of the death time among the
immature fish showed that thermal resistance
had continuous variation, and that the class
of the greatest frequency was separated into
two. The two-way selection for thermal resistance
led to significant difference of the death time
of immature fish between the high temperature
resistant population and the sensitive one.
From these results, two alleles, resistant and
sensitive, at the locus were presumed for thermal
resistance in the guppy. (DBO).
TI: A factor in sewater restricting strain
differences in seawater tolerance of the guppy
Poecilia reticulata
AU: Kushiro,-Gyo; Shikano,-Takahito; Nakajima,-Masamichi;
Fujio,-Yoshihisa
AF: Appl. Population Genetics Grad. Sch. Agricult.
Sci., Tohoku Univ. Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555 Japan
CA: Tohoku Univ. Sendai [Japan] Fac. Agric.
SO: Tohoku-J-Agric-Res 1998 vol. 49, no. 1-2,
pp. 11-16
IS: ISSN 0040-8719
PY: 1998
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
AB: A factor in seawater restricting strain
differences in seawater tolerance was examined
in the guppy. Seawater tolerance was measured
as LD sub(50), which was estimated from the
survival rates 24 h after transfer to serial
concentrations of seawater. Seawater tolerance
differed from an LD sub(50) of 21.4 ppt to 26.9
ppt among the 13 strains. When fish were transferred
to several seawater components, all fish survived
in 0.029 M Na sub(2)S0 sub(4), 0.026 M MgCl
sub(2), 0.009 M KCl or 0.008 in CaCl sub(2)
but all fish died in 0.420 M NaCl. NaCl tolerance
differed from an LD sub(50) of 0.285 M to 0.345
M among the 13 strains. A significant positive
correlation was observed between the strain
differences in seawater and NaCl tolerances.
This indicates that the NaCl in seawater is
a factor restricting the strain differences
in seawater tolerance.
TI: Heterotic effects in salinity tolerance
in varying genetic states of populations in
the guppy Poecilia reticulata
AU: Nakadate,-Motoki; Nakajima,-Masamichi; Fujio,-Yoshihisa
AF: Lab. Appl. Popul. Genetics, Tohoku Univ.,
Sendai, Miyagi 981, Japan
CA: Tohoku Univ., Sendai[Japan], Fac. Agric
SO: Tohoku-J.-Agric.-Res. 1997 vol. 48, no.
1-2, 25-34
IS: ISSN 0040-8719
PY: 1997
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
AB: The relationship between fitness advantage
of isozymic genotype and a state of genetic
constitution in a closed colony was examined
in guppy strains. Salinity tolerance was a suitable
index to estimate heterotic effects within a
population. Sixteen of the 18 strains examined
were initially divided into two groups; one
group was comprised of those strains exhibiting
heterozygote excess and the other was composed
of those exhibiting homozygote excess. The heterozygote
excess group showed no tendency to an increase
of survival time in heterozygous individuals,
but the bomozygote excess group showed a tendency
to an increase of survival time in heterozygous
individuals could be explained through the result
of heterotic effects to be actualized in the
inbreeding state.
TI: Inbreeding depression and heterosis in
various quantitative traits of the guppy, Poecilia
reticulata
AU: Nakadate,-M.; Shikano,-T.; Taniguchi,-N.
AF: Graduate School of Agricultural Science,
Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi,
Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan; E-mail: shikano@fpu.ac.jp
SO: Aquaculture 2003 vol. 220, no. 1-4, pp.
219-226
IS: ISSN 0044-8486
PY: 2003
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The present study examines the effects of
inbreeding and crossing on various quantitative
traits in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Effects
of inbreeding and crossing were examined in
six quantitative traits; body length at birth,
survival at day 120, undwarf rate at day 120,
body length at day 120, salinity tolerance and
high temperature tolerance. Full-sib matings
revealed that the amount of inbreeding depression
varied from -1.0% to 24.6% among the traits
and a significant decrease in survival at day
120 and salinity tolerance was observed. This
result indicates that inbreeding reduces the
performance for some of the quantitative traits
but not all. On the other hand, crosses between
genetically different strains showed that the
amount of heterosis varied from -1.3% to 42.2%
among the six quantitative traits and a significant
increase in survival at day 120 and salinity
tolerance was observed. The relationship between
the amount of inbreeding depression and heterosis
supports the theory that the phenomenon of heterosis
is the reverse of inbreeding depression, indicating
that the traits which have decreased by inbreeding
can be recovered by means of crossing.
TI: Simple repetitive sequences are associated
with differentiation of the sex chromosomes
in the guppy fish.
AU: Nanda,-I.; Feichtinger,-W.; Schmid,-M.;
Schroeder,-J.H.; Zischler,-H.; Epplen,-J.T.
AF: Inst. Humangenet., Univ. Wuerzburg, D-8700
Wuerzburg, FRG
SO: J.-MOL.-EVOL. 1990. vol. 30, no. 5, pp.
456-462
PY: 1990
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Hybridization of restriction enzyme-digested
genomic guppy Poecilia reticulata , Poeciliidae)
DNA with the oligonucleotide probe (GACA) sub(4)
revealed a male-specific simple tandem repeat
locus, which defines the Y chromosome in outbred
populations. The related (GATA) sub(4) probe
identified certain males with the red color
phenotype. In contrast only in two out of eight
laboratory guppy strains was the typical (GACA)
sub(4) band observed. By specific staining of
the constitutive heterochromatin one pair of
chromosomes could also be identified as the
sex chromosomes, confirming the XX/XY mechanism
of sex determination.
TI: Genetic differences in response to high
density rearing in the guppy Poecilia reticulata
from an Aquarium culture and a feral Moskva
River population
AU: Nazarova,-A.V.; Kreslavsky,-A.G.
AF: Biol. Fac., Lomonosov Moscow State Univ.,
Vorob'evy gory, Moscow 119899, Russia
SO: J.-Ichthyol.;Vopr.-Ikhtiol. 1998 vol. 38,
no. 1, pp. 67-74;vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 73-80
IS: ISSN 0032-9452
PY: 1998
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
AB: We compared the growth rate and the rate
of sexual maturation in descendants of a hybrid
generation of aquarium lines of the guppy Poecilia
reticulata and descendants of this fish which
live for more than twenty years in a warm water
outlet of a textile factory in the Moskva River.
The aquarium guppies reach sexual maturity later,
and have a higher growth rate. The Moskva River
feral guppies have a higher survival rate at
high density and their growth rate does not
decrease in these conditions. The growth rate
decreases with a high density in the aquarium
population. These differences have a genetic
background.
TI: Male and female reproductive fitness of
the green snakeskin and yellow snakeskin fancy
varieties of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata
.
AU: Nicholas,-R.R.; Phang,-V.P.E.
AF: Zool. Dep., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore 0511, Rep. Singapore
CO: 2. Asian Fisheries Forum, Tokyo (Japan),
17-22 Apr 1989
SO: THE-SECOND-ASIAN-FISHERIES-FORUM.-P ROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-SECOND-ASIAN-FISHERIES-FORUM,-TOKYO,-JAPAN,-17-22-APRIL-1989.
Hirano,-R.;Hanyu,-I.-eds. 1990. pp. 565-568
IS: ISBN 971-1022-79-6
PY: 1990
LA: English
LS: English
PT: B (Book); K (Conference)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The reproductive performances of the green
snakeskin (GSS) and yellow snakeskin (YSS) guppy
(Poecilia reticulata ) strains were compared.
No differences were found for females but were
for males in a marked manner. GSS males fertilized
all females when both male strains competed
for females. In the absence of such competition,
GSS males fertilized females 4.5 days faster
and matured 50% earlier. GSS males exhibited
sexual behavioral traits more often. It seems
unlikely that pleiotropic effects of the blond
gene would produce sex-linked inter-strain reproductive
differences. Genetic drift, the founder effect
or indirect selection may be occurring instead.
Male guppies should be more affected than females
by domestication selection since males are exposed
to much more stringent selective pressures.
TI: Studies on fecundity, sex ratio and crossbreeding
in different strains of guppy.
AU: Palav,-A.D.; Belsare,-S.G.
AF: Marine Biological Research Station, Konkan
Agricultural University Peth Killa, Ratnagiri
415 612
CO: Natl. Symp. on Aquacrops, Central Institute
of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai (India),
16-18 Nov 1994
SO: J-Indian-Fish-Assoc 1995 vol. 25, pp. 99-106
PY: 1995
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article); K (Conference)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Studies on the fecundity, sex ratio and
crossbreeding in different strains of the guppy
Poecilia reticulata such as Butterfly 1, Butterfly
2 and Cobra strains was carried out. The highest
fecundity among Butterfly 1 strain was the 5th
breed while it was highest at the 6th and 8th
breed among Butterfly 2 and Cobra strain respectively.
The average male percentage was 39.88%, 43.39%
and 45.02% among Butterfly 1, Butterfly 2 and
Cobra strains respectively. The crossbreeding
of strains showed good results among crossbreeds
of Butterfly-2 (Theta) X Cobra (delta) and Butterfly
1 (Theta) X Cobra (delta). The crossbreed among
the Butterfly 1 (Theta) X Cobra (delta) proved
to be excellent from the point of view of more
percentage, rapid growth, and brilliant body
and finnage colouration.
TI: Linkage analysis of the X-linked green tail
and blue tail color genes in the guppy, Poecilia
reticulata .
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Fernando,-A.A.
AF: Dep. Zool., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, 0511 Singapore
SO: ZOOL.-SCI. 1991. vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 975-981
PY: 1991
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Linkage between the X-linked green tail
gene (Grt) and blue tail gene (Blt) determining
tail color in the Green Snakeskin and Blue Snakeskin
varieties of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata
), respectively, was determined from segregation
data of F sub(2) progeny from single-pair reciprocal
crosses between these two varieties. The Grt
and Blt genes are both dominant and X-linked
but they are non-allelic. The average map distance
between them was found to be 19.4 map units.
TI: Inheritance of the color patterns of the
blue snakeskin and red snakeskin varieties of
the guppy, Poecilia reticulata .
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Fernando,-A.A.; Chia,-E.W.K.
AF: Dep. Zool., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore 0511, Rep. Singapore
SO: ZOOL.-SCI. 1990. vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 419-425
PY: 1990
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The Blue Snakeskin (BSS) and Red Snakeskin
(RSS) varieties (Poecilia reticulata ) are popular
strains commercially cultured in Singapore.
The blue-black tail color of BSS guppies is
determined by a dominant X-linked gene (Blt)
and the silvery snakeskin pattern on the body
of males is under the control of a Y-linked
gene (Ssb). The Y-linked snakeskin tail pattern
gene (Sst) though present in BSS males is masked
by the blue-black tail color gene (Blt). The
putative genotypes for males and females of
the BSS variety are X sub(Blt)Y sub(Ssb,Sst)
and X sub(Blt)X sub(Blt), respectively. The
red tail color of the RSS variety is due to
an X-linked Ssb gene while the black reticulations
on the tail is due to interaction between the
snakeskin tail pattern gene (Sst) and the red
tail gene (Rdt). The proposed genotypes for
males and females of the RSS variety are X sub(Rdt)Y
sub(Ssb,Sst) and X sub(Rdt)X sub(Rdt), respectively.
TI: Interaction between the Autosomal Recessive
bar Gene and the Y-Linked Snakeskin Body (Ssb)
Pattern Gene in the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Khoo,-G.; Ang,-S.P.
AF: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore,
14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic
of Singapore; E-mail: dbsphang@nus.edu.sg
SO: Zoological-Science [Zool-Sci] 1999 vol.
16, no. 6, pp. 905-908
IS: ISSN 0289-0003
PY: 1999
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Many color varieties of the guppy, Poecilia
reticulata, are commercially cultured in Singapore
for the aquarium industry. In the group of guppy
varieties called Snakeskin, males characteristically
have snakeskin-like reticulations on the body
and caudal fin. The snakeskin pattern on the
body of male Snakeskin guppies is due to a Y-linked
gene (Ssb). Female guppies, being homogametic
(XX), do not carry the Ssb gene. About 90% of
Yellow Snakeskin males have the typical snakeskin
pattern on their bodies and tails. The remaining
males are different in that the snakeskin body
pattern has been modified into four or five
vertical bars on the caudal-peduncle region.
F sub(1) and F sub(2) results of single-pair
reciprocal matings of the Yellow Snakeskin variety
show that a single gene is responsible for the
vertical bar pattern. This gene, bar, is autosomal
recessive. In the homozygous condition (barbar),
it interacts with the Y-linked Ssb gene to give
vertical barring patterns on the caudal-peduncle
of Yellow Snakeskin males. This pattern is not
expressed when the dominant allele, bar super(+),
is present.
TI: Inheritance of the snakeskin color pattern
in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata .
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Ng,-L.N.; Fernando,-A.A.
AF: Dep. Zool., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore 0511, Rep. Singapore
SO: J.-HERED. 1989. vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 393-399
PY: 1989
LA: English
LS: English
PT: J (Journal-Article)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: The authors made single-pair reciprocal
crosses between the Green Snakeskin and Yellow
Snakeskin domesticated strains of the guppy,
Poecilia reticulata . The two snakeskin strains
differ by a single autosomal gene, with the
Green Snakeskin strain having the wild-type
background coloration caused by the dominant
gene (B), whereas the Yellow Snakeskin is homozygous
for the recessive blond allele (bb ). The snakeskin
body and tail patterns characterizing males
of these two strains are determined by two genes--Ssb
and Sst --that are closely linked on the Y chromosome.
The greenish-yellow tail color of the Green
Snakeskin strain is mediated by an X-linked
dominant gene, Grt .
TI: Effects of color genes on quantitative growth
and behavioral traits in domesticated varieties
of Poecilia reticulata .
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Teo,-C.C.; Chia,-E.W.K.;
Fernando,-A.A.
AF: Dep. Zool., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, 0511 Singapore
CO: 2. Asian Fisheries Forum, Tokyo (Japan),
17-22 Apr 1989
SO: THE-SECOND-ASIAN-FISHERIES-FORUM. -PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-SECOND-ASIAN-FISHERIES-FORUM,-TOKYO,-JAPAN,-17-22-APRIL-1989.
Hirano,-R.;Hanyu,-I.-eds. 1990. pp. 491-494
IS: ISBN 971-1022-79-6
PY: 1990
LA: English
LS: English
PT: B (Book); K (Conference)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Growth of the Tuxedo (Tux), Red Snakeskin
(RSS) and 3/4 Black (3/4 B) guppy varieties
was similar when cultured individually. When
2 varieties were reared together, RSS had lower
weights than the other 2. The 3/4 B variety
had higher mortality than Tux or RSS. Tux and
3/4 B carry 2 X-linked genes; Red tail (Rdt)
and Black caudal peduncle (Bcp) in Tux; Black
tail (Bt) and Bcp in 3/4 B. RSS males carry
Rdt, and the Y-linked Snakeskin body and Snakeskin
tail pattern genes (Ssb and Sst). Under intervariety
competition, the Ssb and Sst genes may be associated
with slower growth in RSS fish and the Bt gene
with higher mortality in 3/4 B. Quantitative
male sexual behavior was studied in the Tux,
RSS and Blue Snakeskin (BSS) strains.
TI: Relationships between growth and colour
pattern genes in three strains of the guppy
(Poecilia reticulata) under intra- and inter-strain
competition.
AU: Phang,-V.P.E.; Teo,-C.C.; Fernando,-A.A.
AF: Dep. Zool., Natl. Univ. Singapore, Kent
Ridge, Singapore 0511, Rep. Singapore
CO: 3. Int. Symp. on Genetics in Aquaculture,
Trondheim (Norway), 20-24 Jun 1988
SO: GENETICS-IN-AQUACULTURE-III. Gjedrem,-T.-ed.
1990. vol. 85, no. 1-4 p. 319
ST: AQUACULTURE. vol. 85, no. 1-4
NT: Special issue. Summary only.
PY: 1990
LA: English
PT: B (Book); K (Conference); Y (Summary)
ER: F (Freshwater)
AB: Three guppy (Poecilia reticulata ) strains
with different color patterns were cultured.
Under intra-strain competition with strains
cultured individually, no significant differences
in body weight among strains were found. Inter-strain
competition experiments consisted of rearing
two strains together: RSs with 3/4 B; RSs with
Tux; 3/4 B with Tux. In mixed cultures, RSs
had slower growth than Tux and 3/4 B. Mortality
of 3/4 B was higher than the other two strains,
while survivals of the RSs and Tux strains grown
together were comparable. Results suggest the
following relationships between sex-linked color
pattern genes and fitness traits under inter-strain
competition: the Y-linked Ssb and Sst snakeskin
genes may be associated with slower growth in
RSs fish; the X-linked Bt gene may cause lower
survival in the 3/4 B strain.
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